|
  
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
         
|
|
Egwald Economics: Microeconomics The Duality of Production and Cost Functions
Egwald's popular web pages are provided without cost to users. Duality: Production / Cost Functions: Cobb-Douglas Duality | CES Duality | Theory of Duality | Translog Duality - CES | Translog Duality - Generalized CES | References and Links Cost Functions: Cobb-Douglas Cost | Normalized Quadratic Cost | Translog Cost | Diewert Cost | Generalized CES-Translog Cost | Generalized CES-Diewert Cost | References and Links Production Functions: Cobb-Douglas | CES | Generalized CES | Translog | Diewert | Translog vs Diewert | Diewert vs Translog | Estimate Translog | Estimate Diewert | References and Links Q. Duality of Production and Cost Functions Using the Implicit Function Theorem. The theory of duality links the production function models to the cost function models by way of a minimization or maximization framework. The cost function is derived from the production function by choosing the combination of factor quantities that minimize the cost of producing levels of output at given factor prices. Conversely, the production function is derived from the cost function by calculating the maximum level of output that can be obtained from specified combinations of inputs. I. Profit (Wealth) Maximizing Firm. Production and cost functions (and profit functions) can be used to model how a profit (wealth) maximizing firm hires or purchases inputs (factors), such as labour, capital (structures and machinery), and materials and supplies, and combines these inputs through its production process to produce the products (outputs) that the firm sells (supplies) to its customers. II. The Production Function. The production function describes the maximum output that can be produced from given quantities of factor inputs with the firm's existing technological expertise. Let the variables q, L, K, and M represent the quantity of output, and the input quantities of labour, capital, and materials and supplies, respectively. Mathematically, the production function, f, relates output, q, to inputs, L, K, and M, written as: q = f(L, K, M) with the function f having certain desirable properties. III. Example: The CES production function q = A * [alpha * (L^-rho) + beta * (K^-rho) + gamma *(M^-rho)]^(-nu/rho) = f(L, K, M). The coefficients of the production function, A, alpha, beta, gamma, nu, and rho are positive, real numbers. The production function's inputs, L, K, and M, are non-negative real numbers. IV. The Total Cost of Production. Let the variables wL, wK, and wM represent the unit prices of the factors L, K, and M, respectively. For any given combination of factor inputs, L, K, and M, the total cost of using these inputs is: TC = wL * L + wK * K + wM * M i.e. the sum of the quantities of factor inputs weighted by their respective factor prices. V. The Cost Function. The cost function describes the total cost of producing any given output quantity, using the cost minimizing quantity of inputs. Mathematically, the cost function, C, relates the total cost, TC, to output, q, and factor prices wL, wK, and wM, if the cost minimizing combination of factor inputs is used, written as: TC = C(q; wL, wK, wM) with the function C having certain desirable properties. VI. Example: The CES cost function: C(q;wL,wK,wM) = h(q) * c(wL,wK,wM) = (q/A)^1/nu * [alpha^(1/(1+rho)) * wL^(rho/(1+rho)) + beta^(1/(1+rho)) * wK^(rho/(1+rho)) + gamma^(1/(1+rho)) * wM^(rho/(1+rho))]^((1+rho)/rho) The cost function's factor prices, wL, wK, and wM, are positive real numbers. VII. The Least-Cost Combination of Inputs: Production Function to Cost Function. The entrepreneur, management, and employees of the profit maximizing firm choose the factor proportions and quantities, and output levels given the prices of factor inputs, and products. For any specified combination of positive factor prices, wL, wK, and wM, what combination of factor inputs, L, K, and M, will minimize the cost of producing any given level of positive output, q? C*(q; wL, wK, wM) = minL,K,M{ wL * L + wK * K + wM * M : q - f(L,K,M) = 0, q > 0, wL > 0; wK > 0, and wM > 0 } VIII. Constrained Optimization (Minimum): The Method of Lagrange. Define the Langrangian function, G, of the least-cost problem of (VII): G(q; wL, wK, wM, L, K, M, μ) = wL * L + wK * K + wM * M + μ * (q - f(L,K,M)) where the new variable, μ, is called the Lagrange multiplier. a. First Order Necessary Conditions:
b. Solution Functions: We want to solve, simultaneously, these four equations for the variables L, K, M, and µ as continuously differentiable functions of the variables q, wL, wK, and wM, and the parameters of the production function.
L = L(q; wL, wK, wM) Suppose that the point Z = (q, wL, wK, wM, L, K, M, µ) satisfies equations 0. to 3., and that each of the functions Gµ, GL, GK, and GM has continuous partial derivatives with respect to each of the variables q, wL, wK, wM, L, K, M, and μ at the point Z. Also, suppose the determinant of the Jacobian matrix, defined below, when evaluated at the point Z is not equal to zero. According to the Implicit Function Theorem, functions L, K, M, and µ exist that express the variables L, K, M, and µ as continuously differentiable functions of the variables q, wL, wK, and wM. Moreover:
L = L(q; wL, wK, wM) and:
for points (q; wL, wK, wM) in a neighborhood of the point (q; wL, wK, wM). That is, the points (q, wL, wK, wM, L(q; wL, wK, wM), K(q; wL, wK, wM), M(q; wL, wK, wM), µ(q; wL, wK, wM)) also satisfy the first order conditions. c. Jacobian Matrices: The Jacobian matrix (bordered Hessian of G) of the four functions, Gµ, GL, GK, GM, with respect to the choice variables, μ, L, K, and M:
The bordered principal minor of the bordered Hessian of the Langrangian function, G:
d. Second Order Necessary Conditions: The second order necessary conditions require that the Jacobian matrix (bordered Hessian of G) be positive definite at Z = (q, wL, wK, wM, L, K, M, µ). The Jacobian matrix, J3, is a positive definite matrix if the determinants of J2 and J3 are both negative. e. Sufficient Conditions: If the second order necessary conditions are satisfied, then the first order necessary conditions are sufficient for a minimum at Z. Therefore: C*(q; wL, wK, wM) = wL * L(q; wL, wK, wM) + wK * K(q; wL, wK, wM) + wM * M(q; wL, wK, wM) Moreover, since the sixteen functions that comprise the components of J3 are continuous, the Jacobian matrix, J3, is a positive definite matrix at points (q; wL, wK, wM) in a neighborhood of the point (q; wL, wK, wM). That is, the points (q, wL, wK, wM, L(q; wL, wK, wM), K(q; wL, wK, wM), M(q; wL, wK, wM), µ(q; wL, wK, wM)) also satisfy the second order conditions. Consequently, for points (q; wL, wK, wM) in a neighborhood of the point (q; wL, wK, wM): C*(q; wL, wK, wM) = wL * L(q; wL, wK, wM) + wK * K(q; wL, wK, wM) + wM * M(q; wL, wK, wM) = G(q; wL, wK, wM, L(q; wL, wK, wM), K(q; wL, wK, wM), M(q; wL, wK, wM), μ(q; wL, wK, wM)) IX. Marginal Cost Function. MC*(q; wL, wK, wM) = ∂C*(q; wL, wK, wM)/∂q = ∂G(q; wL, wK, wM, L, K, M, μ)/∂q = μ(q; wL, wK, wM)
X. Factor Demand Functions. If the cost function C*(q; wL, wK, wM) satisfies certain properties (Hotelling-Shephard's lemma), properties derived from the properties of the production function f(L, K, M):
L(q; wL, wK, wM) = ∂C*(q; wL, wK, wM)/∂wL = L where (L, K, M) are the factor proportions that minimize the cost of producing q units of output at specific factor prices (wL, wK, wM) for a given output quantity q.
If the cost function C*(q; wL, wK, wM) satisfies the properties required by the Hotelling-Shephard's lemma, then the factor demand functions satisfy:
wL * ∂ L(q;wL,wK,wM) / ∂wL + wK * ∂ K(q;wL,wK,wM) / ∂wL + wM * ∂ M(q;wL,wK,wM) / ∂wL = 0 If the first-order conditions are sufficient for minimum, then;
XI. Example. Duality: CES production function to CES cost function. XII. The Solution Functions' Comparative Statics. The Jacobian matrix of the four functions, Gµ, GL, GK, GM, with respect to the variables, q, wL, wK, and wM:
The Jacobian matrix of the four solution functions, Φ = {µ, L, K, M}, with respect to the variables, q, wL, wK, and wM:
From the Implicit Function Theorem:
Jq, wL, wK, wM; + Jµ, L, K, M * JΦ = 0 (zero matrix) → for points (q; wL, wK, wM) in a neighborhood of the point (q; wL, wK, wM), and L = L(q; wL, wK, wM), K = K(q; wL, wK, wM), M = M(q; wL, wK, wM), and µ = µ(q; wL, wK, wM). XIII.Numerical Example: Production Function to Cost Function.
The Least-Cost Combination of Inputs: Production Function to Cost Function. The dual cost function, C*, is obtained from the production function, f, by: C*(q; wL, wK, wM) = minL,K,M{ wL * L + wK * K + wM * M : q - f(L,K,M) = 0, q > 0, wL > 0; wK > 0, and wM > 0 } C*(30; 7, 13, 6) = minL,K,M{ 7 * L + 13 * K + 6 * M : 30 - f(L,K,M) = 0 } Constrained Optimization (Minimum): The Method of Lagrange. G(q; wL, wK, wM, L, K, M, μ) = wL * L + wK * K + wM * M + μ * (q - f(L,K,M)) G(30; 7, 13, 6, L, K, M, μ) = 7 * L + 13 * K + 6 * M + μ * (30 - f(L,K,M)) First Order Necessary Conditions:
Solve these four equations simultaneously (say, using Newton's Method) for L, K, M, and µ. With L = 36.89, K = 24.42, M = 31.59, and µ = 25.506, f(L,K,M) = 30, fL(L,K,M) = 0.2744, fK(L,K,M) = 0.5097, fM(L,K,M) = 0.2352,
Second Order Necessary Conditions: The second order necessary conditions require that the Jacobian matrix (bordered Hessian of G) be positive definite at Z = (q, wL, wK, wM, L, K, M, µ) = (30, 7, 13, 6, 36.89, 24.42, 31.59, 25.506). The Jacobian matrix, J3, is a positive definite matrix if the determinants of J2 and J3 are both negative.
The Least-Cost Combination of Inputs. C*(30; 7, 13, 6) = 7 * L + 13 * K + 6 * M = 7 * 36.89 + 13 * 24.42 + 6 * 31.59 = 765.17 The Solution Functions' Comparative Statics. From the Implicit Function Theorem: JΦ = - (Jµ, L, K, M)-1
XIV. Maximum Output: Cost Function to Production Function. The entrepreneur, management, and employees of the profit maximizing firm can investigate the technology (production function) available in the firm's cost function, C(q; wL, wK, wM), by determining the factor prices, wL, wK, and wM, consistent with the maximum level of output, q, for a given combination of factor inputs, L, K, and M. f*(L, K, M) = maxq {q : C(q; wL, wK, wM) <= wL * L + wK * K + wM * M, L > 0, K > 0, M > 0, for all wL >= 0 , wK >= 0, wM >= 0} Question: f* == f (original production function)? Consider the case where the cost function, C(q; wL, wK, wM), factors: C(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^1/nu * c(wL, wK, wM) Setting: f*(L, K, M) = maxq {q : q^1/nu * c(wL, wK, wM) <= wL * L + wK * K + wM * M, L > 0, K > 0, M > 0, for all wL >= 0 , wK >= 0 , wM >= 0} With c(wL, wK, wM) and wL * L + wK * K + wM * M linear homogeneous: f*(L, K, M) = maxq {q : q^1/nu * c(wL, wK, wM) <= 1, L > 0, K > 0, M > 0, wL * L + wK * K + wM * M = 1} f*(L, K, M) = maxq {q : q^1/nu <= 1 / c(wL, wK, wM), L > 0, K > 0, M > 0, wL * L + wK * K + wM * M = 1} Rewrite this as (Diewert, 1974, 157): f*(L, K, M)^1/nu = minwL,wK,wM {1 / c(wL, wK, wM) : wL * L + wK * K + wM * M = 1, wL >= 0, wK >= 0, wM >= 0} f*(L, K, M)^1/nu = 1 / maxwL,wK,wM {c(wL, wK, wM) : wL * L + wK * K + wM * M = 1, wL >= 0, wK >= 0, wM >= 0}, since c(wL, wK, wM) >= 0 XV. Constrained Optimization (Maximum): The Method of Lagrange. Define the Langrangian function, H, of the output maximization problem of (XIV): H(L, K, M, wL, wK, wM, λ) = c(wL, wK, wM) + λ * (1 - (wL * L + wK * K + wM * M)) where the new variable, λ, is called the Lagrange multiplier. a. First Order Necessary Conditions:
b. Solution Functions: We want to solve, simultaneously, these four equations for the variables wL, wK, and wM, and λ as continuously differentiable functions of the variables L, K, and M, and the parameters of the cost function.
λ = λ(L, K, M) Suppose that the point W = (L, K, M, wL, wK, wM, λ) satisfies equations 0. to 3., and that each of the functions Hλ, HwL, HwK, and HwM has continuous partial derivatives with respect to each of the variables L, K, M, wL, wK, wM, and λ at the point W. Also, suppose the determinant of the Jacobian matrix, defined below, when evaluated at the point W is not equal to zero. According to the Implicit Function Theorem, functions wL, wK, wM, and λ exist that express the variables wL, wK, wM, and λ as continuously differentiable functions of the variables L, K, and M. Moreover:
λ = λ(L, K, M) and:
for points (L, K, M) in a neighborhood of the point (L, K, M). That is, the points (L, K, M, wL(L, K, M), wK(L, K, M), wM(L, K, M), λ(L, K, M)) also satisfy the first order conditions. c. Jacobian Matrices: The Jacobian matrix (bordered Hessian of H) of the four functions, Hλ, HwL, HwK, HwM, with respect to the choice variables, λ, wL, wK, wM :
The bordered principal minor of the bordered Hessian of the Langrangian function, H:
d. Second Order Necessary Conditions: The second order necessary conditions require that the Jacobian matrix (bordered Hessian of H) be negative definite at W = (L, K, M, wL, wK, wM, λ). The Jacobian matrix, J3, is a negative definite matrix if the determinant of J2 is positive, and the determinant of J3 is negative. e. Sufficient Conditions: If the second order necessary conditions are satisfied, then the first order necessary conditions are sufficient for a maximum at W. Therefore: f*(L, K, M)^1/nu = q(L, K, M)^1/nu = 1 / c(wL(L, K, M, wK(L, K, M), wM(L, K, M)) Moreover, since the sixteen functions that comprise the components of J3 are continuous, the Jacobian matrix, J3, is a negative definite matrix at points (L, K, M) in a neighborhood of the point (L, K, M). That is, the points (L, K, M, wL(L, K, M), wK(L, K, M), wM(L, K, M), λ(L, K, M)) also satisfy the second order conditions. Consequently, for points (L, K, M) in a neighborhood of the point (L, K, M): f*(L, K, M)^1/nu = q(L, K, M)^1/nu = 1 / H(L, K, M, wL(L, K, M), wK(L, K, M), wM(L, K, M), λ(L, K, M)) XVI. The Lagrange Multiplier. The first order necessary conditions (XV. a. 1-3.) imply: λ(wL, wK, wM) = c(wL, wK, wM)/∂wL / L = c(wL, wK, wM)/∂wK / K = c(wL, wK, wM)/∂wM / M where:
wL = wL(L, K, M) for points (L, K, M) in a neighborhood of the point (L, K, M). XVII. Factor Demand Functions. If the specified (or derived) cost function, C(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^1/nu * c(wL, wK, wM), satisfies the Hotelling-Shephard properties, then the factor demand functions are given by:
L(q; wL, wK, wM) = ∂C(q; wL, wK, wM)/∂wL = q^1/nu * ∂c(wL, wK, wM)/∂wL = q^1/nu * l(wL, wK, wM) XVIII. Example. Duality: CES cost function to CES production function. XIX. The Solution Functions' Comparative Statics. The Jacobian matrix of the four functions, Hλ, HwL, HwK, HwM, with respect to the variables, L, K, M:
The Jacobian matrix of the four solution functions, Φ = {λ, wL, wK, wM}, with respect to the variables, L, K, and M:
From the Implicit Function Theorem:
JL, K, M; + Jλ, wL, wK, wM, q * JΦ = 0 (zero matrix) → for points (L, K, M) in a neighborhood of the point (L, K, M), and wL = wL(L, K, M), wK = wK(L, K, M), wM = wM(L, K, M), and λ = λ(L, K, M), with: f*(L, K, M) = (1 / c(wL(L, K, M), wK(L, K, M), wM(L, K, M))^nu. XX. Numerical Example: Cost Function to Production Function.
Maximum Output: Cost Function to Production Function. f*(L, K, M)^1/nu = 1 / maxwL,wK,wM {c(wL, wK, wM) : wL * L + wK * K + wM * M = 1, wL >= 0, wK >= 0, wM >= 0} f*(36.89, 24.42, 31.59)^1/1 = 1 / maxwL,wK,wM {c(wL, wK, wM) : wL * 36.89 + wK * 24.42 + wM * 31.59 = 1, wL >= 0, wK >= 0, wM >= 0} Constrained Optimization (Maximum): The Method of Lagrange. H(L, K, M, wL, wK, wM, λ) = c(wL, wK, wM) + λ * (1 - (wL * L + wK * K + wM * M)) H(36.89, 24.42, 31.59, wL, wK, wM, λ) = c(wL, wK, wM) + λ * (1 - (wL * 36.89 + wK * 24.42 + wM * 31.59)) First Order Necessary Conditions:
Solve these four equations simultaneously (say, using Newton's Method) for wL, wK, wM, and λ. With wL = 0.00915, wK = 0.01699, wM = 0.00784, and λ = 0.0333,
Second Order Necessary Conditions: The second order necessary conditions require that the Jacobian matrix (bordered Hessian of H) be negative definite at W = (L, K, M, wL, wK, wM, λ) = (36.89, 24.42, 31.59, 0.00915, 0.01699, 0.00784, 0.0333). The Jacobian matrix, J3, is a negative definite matrix if the determinant of J2 is positive, and the determinant of J3 is negative.
Maximum Output: With L = 36.89, K = 24.42, M = 31.59, set wL = 0.00915, wK = 0.01699, wM = 0.00784, f*(L, K, M) = (1 / c(wL, wK, wM))^(nu), → f*(36.89, 24.42, 31.59) = (1 / c(0.00915, 0.01699, 0.00784))^1 = (1 / 0.0333)^1 = 30 Compare f*(L,K,M) with f(L,K,M) at L = 36.89, K = 24.42, M = 31.59: f(36.89, 24.42, 31.59) = 30 The Solution Functions' Comparative Statics.
From the Implicit Function Theorem: JΦ = - (Jλ, wL, wK, wM, q)-1 * JL, K, M
The Partial Derivates of f*(L,K,M). Since f*(L,K,M) = (1 / c(wL,wK,wM))^nu = (1 / λ)^nu:
f*L(L,K,M) = nu * (-λL / λ^2) * (1 / λ)^(nu-1),
f*L(36.89,24.42,31.59) = 1 * (0.000305 / 0.0333^2) * (1 / 0.0333)^(1-1) = 0.274, Partial Derivatives of f(L,K,M).
fL(36.89,24.42,31.59) = 0.274, Conclude: f* == f.
CES Production/ Cost Functions Numerical Example CES Production Function: q = A * [alpha * (L^-rho) + beta * (K^-rho) + gamma *(M^-rho)]^(-nu/rho) = f(L,K,M). where L = labour, K = capital, M = materials and supplies, and q = product. The parameter nu is a measure of the economies of scale, while the parameter rho yields the elasticity of substitution: sigma = 1/(1 + rho). The CES Cost Function: C(q;wL,wK,wM) = h(q) * c(wL,wK,wM) = (q/A)^1/nu * [alpha^(1/(1+rho)) * wL^(rho/(1+rho)) + beta^(1/(1+rho)) * wK^(rho/(1+rho)) + gamma^(1/(1+rho)) * wM^(rho/(1+rho))]^((1+rho)/rho) The cost function's factor prices, wL, wK, and wM, are positive real numbers. Set the parameters below to re-run with your own CES parameters.
Restrictions: .7 < nu < 1.3; .5 < sigma < 1.5; |
|
