Egwald Economics - Cost Functions: Generalized CES-Diewert Cost Function

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Cost Functions

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Elmer G. Wiens

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N. Generalized CES-Diewert (Generalized Leontief) Cost Function

This web page replicates the procedures used to estimate the parameters of a Diewert cost function to approximate a CES cost function. To determine the Diewert cost function's efficacy in estimating varying elasticities of substitution among pairs of inputs, on this web page we approximate a Generalized CES cost function with the Diewert cost function.

Unlike the CES cost function, the Generalized CES cost function is not necessarily homothetic, while the Diewert cost function is homothetic by construction. Moreover, the Generalized CES's elasticity of scale is a function of its factor inputs, i.e. its elasticity of scale, ε_LKM, varies with factor prices and with output.

Consequently, when we estimate the Diewert cost function, we need to estimate the parameter nu1 of its returns to scale function separately, as we did when we approximated the CES production function by the Diewert production function.

The three factor Diewert (Generalized Leontief) (total) cost function is:

C(q;wL,wK,wM) = h(q) * c(wL,wK,wM) (**)

where the returns to scale function is:

h(q) = q^^(1/nu1)

a continuous, increasing function of q (q >= 1), with h(0) = 0 and h(1) = 1, where nu1 is a measure of the returns to scale,

and the unit cost function is:

c(wL,wK,wM) = cLL * wL + cKK * wK + cMM * wM + (dLK+dKL) * (wL*wK)^^(1/2) + (dLM +dML) * (wL*wM)^^(1/2) + (dKM+dMK) * (wK*wM)^^(1/2)

linear in its parameters cLL, cKK, cMM, dLK, dKL, dLM, dML, dKM, and dMK.

We shall use two methods to obtain estimates of the parameters:

À1: Estimate the parameters the cost function by way of its factor share functions — requires data relating output quantities to (cost minimizing) factor inputs, and input prices,

À2: Estimate the parameters of the cost function directly — requires data relating output quantities to total (minimum) cost and input prices.

We shall use the three factor Generalized CES production function to generate the required cost data, yielding a data set relating output, q, and factor prices, wL, wK, and wM, [randomized about the base prices (wL*, wK*, wM*)] to the Generalized CES cost minimizing factor inputs, L, K, and M.

For methods À1, and À2, we shall set nu1 = ε_LKM where q = 30 units of output, i.e. at the elasticity of scale of the Generalized CES cost function for q = 30.

To illustrate what can happen when nu1 is set incorrectly, we shall repeat methods À1, and À2 as methods À3, and À4, with nu1 = 1, i.e. under the assumption of constant returns to scale along the domain of q.

The three factor Generalized CES production function is:

q = A * [alpha * L^^-rhoL + beta * K^^-rhoK + gamma *M^^-rhoM]^^(-nu/rho) = f(L,K,M).

where L = labour, K = capital, M = materials and supplies, and q = product.

The parameter nu permits one to adjust the returns to scale, while the parameter rho is the geometric mean of rhoL, rhoK, and rhoM:

rho = (rhoL * rhoK * rhoM)^^1/3.

If rho = rhoL = rhoK = rhoM, we get the standard CES production function. If also, rho = 0, ie sigma = 1/(1+rho) = 1, we get the Cobb-Douglas production function.

Generalized CES Elasticity of Scale of Production:

ε_LKM = ε(L,K,M) = (nu / rho) * (alpha * rhoL * L^^-rhoL + beta * rhoK * K^^-rhoK + gamma * rhoM * M^^-rhoM) / (alpha * L^^-rhoL + beta * K^^-rhoK + gamma * M^^-rhoM).

See the Generalized CES production function.

À1: Estimate the factor demand equations separately.

Assuming dLK = dKL, dLM = dML, and dKM = dMK, the Diewert unit cost function becomes:

c(wL,wK,wM) = cLL * wL + cKK * wK + cMM * wM + 2 * dLK * (wL*wK)^^(1/2) + 2 * dLM * (wL*wM)^^(1/2) + 2 * dKM * (wK*wM)^^(1/2)

Taking the partial derivative of the cost function with respect to an input price, we get the factor demand function for that input:

∂C/∂wL = L(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/nu1) * [cLL + dLK * (wK / wL)^^(1/2) + dLM * (wM / wL)^^(1/2)]

∂C/∂wK = K(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/nu1) * [cKK + dKL * (wL / wK)^^(1/2) + dKM * (wM / wK)^^(1/2)]

∂C/∂wM = M(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/nu1) * [cMM + dML * (wL / wM)^^(1/2) + dMK * (wK / wM)^^(1/2)]

Since it is likely that, as measured numerically, dLK != dKL, dLM != dML, and dKM != dMK, these distinctions are maintained in the factor demand equations.

After dividing each factor demand equation by q^(1/nu1), we can estimate the parameters of these three linear in parameters equations using linear multiple regression.

Having obtained the unrestricted estimates of the coefficients of the factor demand functions, we shall compute the restricted least squares estimates with dLK = dKL, dLM = dML, and dKM = dMK.

The substituted values of the estimated parameters determine the Diewert cost function.

I. Stage 1. Generate cost data with the Generalized CES production function, yielding a data set relating output, q, and factor prices, wL, wK, and wM, [randomized about the base prices (wL*, wK*, wM*)] to the Generalized CES cost minimizing factor inputs, L, K, and M. The base factor prices and the randomizing distribution are specified in the form below.

Stage 2. Obtain the Diewert cost function by substituting the estimates (obtained via linear multiple regression) of the parameters of the three factor demand equations into the cost function.

II. The estimated coefficients of the Diewert cost function will vary with the parameters nu, rho, rhoL, rhoK, rhoM, alpha, beta and gamma of the Generalized CES production function.

Set the parameters below to re-run with your own Generalized CES parameters.

The restrictions ensure that the least-cost problems can be solved to obtain the underlying Generalized CES cost function, using the parameters as specified.
Intermediate (and other) values of the parameters also work.

Restrictions:
.8 < nu < 1.1;
-.6 < rhoL = rho < .6;
-.6 < rho < -.2 → rhoK = .95 * rho, rhoM = rho/.95;
-.2 <= rho < -.1 → rhoK = .9 * rho, rhoM = rho / .9;
-.1 <= rho < 0 → rhoK = .87 * rho, rhoM = rho / .87;
0 <= rho < .1 → rhoK = .7 * rho, rhoM = rho / .7;
.1 <= rho < .2 → rhoK = .67 * rho, rhoM = rho / .67;
.2 <= rho < .6 → rhoK = .6 * rho, rhoM = rho / .6;
rho = 0 → nu = alpha + beta + gamma (Cobb-Douglas)
4 <= wL* <= 11, 7<= wK* <= 16, 4 <= wM* <= 10

Generalized CES Production Function Parameters

nu:

rho:

Base Factor Prices

wL*

wK*

wM*

Distribution to Randomize Factor Prices

Use [-2, 2] Uniform distribution
Use .25 * Normal (μ = 0, σ² = 1)

The Generalized CES production function as specified:

q = 1 * [0.35 * L^^{- 0.17647} + 0.4 * K^^{- 0.11823} + 0.25 *M^^{- 0.26339}]^^(-1/0.17647) = f(L,K,M).

The factor prices are distributed about the base factor prices by adding a random number distributed uniformly in the [-2, 2] domain.

Generalized CES elasticity of scale at q = 30: ε_LKM = nu1 = 0.92

III. For these coefficients of the CES Generalized production function, I generated a sequence (displayed in the "Generalized CES-Diewert Cost Function" table) of factor prices, outputs, and the corresponding cost minimizing inputs. Then I used these data to estimate the coefficients of each factor share equation separately:

QR Least Squares
Parameter Estimates
Parameter	Coefficient	std error	t-ratio
cLL	-0.091423	0.006	-16.479
dLK	0.510212	0.003	149.301
dLM	0.520927	0.005	101.186

R2 = 0.9994

R2b = 0.9994

# obs = 31

QR Least Squares
Parameter Estimates
Parameter	Coefficient	std error	t-ratio
cKK	-0.059743	0.017	-3.465
dKL	0.532986	0.026	20.349
dKM	0.396811	0.025	15.789

R2 = 0.9808

R2b = 0.9795

# obs = 31

QR Least Squares
Parameter Estimates
Parameter	Coefficient	std error	t-ratio
cMM	-0.15886	0.036	-4.399
dML	0.495888	0.036	13.629
dMK	0.418533	0.023	17.875

R2 = 0.9768

R2b = 0.9751

# obs = 31

The three estimated factor demand functions are:

∂C/∂wL = L(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/0.92) * [-0.0914 + 0.5102 * (wK / wL)^^(1/2) + 0.5209 * (wM / wL)^^(1/2)]

∂C/∂wK = K(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/0.92) * [-0.0597 + 0.533 * (wL / wK)^^(1/2) + 0.3968 * (wM / wK)^^(1/2)]

∂C/∂wM = M(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/0.92) * [-0.1589 + 0.4959 * (wL / wM)^^(1/2) + 0.4185 * (wK / wM)^^(1/2)]

As estimated, generally dLK != dKL, dLM != dML, and dKM != dMK: Young's Theorem doesn't hold without constraints across equations. Consequently, I use the sum of the cross parameters in the Diewert cost function.

The estimated factor demand elasticities are obtained by:

ε_L,wL = ∂ln(L(q;wL,wK,wM))/∂ln(wL) = -.5 * (q^^1/nu1) / L(q;wL,wK,wM)) * (dLK * (wK/wL)^^1/2 + dLM * (wM/wL)^^1/2),

ε_L,wK = ∂ln(L(q;wL,wK,wM))/∂ln(wK) = .5 * (q^^1/nu1) / L(q;wL,wK,wM)) * dLK * (wK/wL)^^1/2,

ε_L,wM = ∂ln(L(q;wL,wK,wM))/∂ln(wM) = .5 * (q^^1/nu1) / L(q;wL,wK,wM)) * dLM * (wM/wL)^^1/2,

ε_L,q = ∂ln(L(q;wL,wK,wM))/∂ln(q) = 1/nu1, etc.

For example, with wL = 7, wK = 13, wM = 6, and q = 30:

ε_L,wL	ε_L,wK	ε_L,wM	ε_L,q
ε_K,wL	ε_K,wK	ε_K,wM	ε_K,q
ε_M,wL	ε_M,wK	ε_M,wM	ε_M,q

-0.5421	0.3201	0.222	1.087
0.3254	-0.5497	0.2243	1.087
0.2697	0.3103	-0.58	1.087

IV. The Diewert cost function as obtained from the unrestricted factor demand equations is:

C(q;wL,wK,wM) = q^^(1/nu1) * [cLL * wL + cKK * wK + cMM * wM + (dLK+dKL) * (wL*wK)^^(1/2) + (dLM +dML) * (wL*wM)^^(1/2) + (dKM+dMK) * (wK*wM)^^(1/2)]

= q^^(1/0.92) * [-0.09142 * wL + -0.05974 * wK + -0.15886 * wM + 1.0432 * (wL*wK)^^(1/2) + 1.01682 * (wL*wM)^^(1/2) + 0.81534 * (wK*wM)^^(1/2)] (***)

V. The Restricted Factor Demand Equations.

Having obtained the unrestricted estimates of the coefficients of the factor demand functions, we compute the restricted least squares estimates with dLK = dKL, dLM = dML, and dKM = dMK.

QR Restricted Least Squares
Parameter Estimates
Parameter	Coefficient	std error	t-ratio
cLL	-0.086514	0.023551	-3.673499
dLK	0.515335	0.014501	35.538647
dLM	0.507565	0.016681	30.42784
cKK	-0.057454	0.013388	-4.291497
dKL	0.515335	0.014501	35.538647
dKM	0.412983	0.012453	33.163598
cMM	-0.163349	0.020913	-7.810872
dML	0.507565	0.016681	30.42784
dMK	0.412983	0.012453	33.163598

R2 = 0.9971

R2b = 0.9968

# obs = 93

dLK = dKL, dLM = dML, and dKM = dMK

The three estimated, restricted factor demand functions are:

∂C/∂wL = L(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/0.92) * [-0.0865 + 0.5153 * (wK / wL)^^(1/2) + 0.5076 * (wM / wL)^^(1/2)]

∂C/∂wK = K(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/0.92) * [-0.0575 + 0.5153 * (wL / wK)^^(1/2) + 0.413 * (wM / wK)^^(1/2)]

∂C/∂wM = M(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/0.92) * [-0.1633 + 0.5076 * (wL / wM)^^(1/2) + 0.413 * (wK / wM)^^(1/2)]

The estimated factor demand elasticities are obtained by:

For example, with wL = 7, wK = 13, wM = 6, and q = 30:

ε_L,wL	ε_L,wK	ε_L,wM	ε_L,q
ε_K,wL	ε_K,wK	ε_K,wM	ε_K,q
ε_M,wL	ε_M,wK	ε_M,wM	ε_M,q

-0.5398	0.3234	0.2164	1.087
0.3145	-0.5478	0.2333	1.087
0.2761	0.3062	-0.5823	1.087

VI. The Diewert cost function as obtained from the restricted factor demand equations is:

C(q;wL,wK,wM) = q^^(1/nu) * [cLL * wL + cKK * wK + cMM * wM + (dLK+dKL) * (wL*wK)^^(1/2) + (dLM +dML) * (wL*wM)^^(1/2) + (dKM+dMK) * (wK*wM)^^(1/2)]

= q^^(1/0.92) * [-0.08651 * wL + -0.05745 * wK + -0.16335 * wM + 1.03067 * (wL*wK)^^(1/2) + 1.01513 * (wL*wM)^^(1/2) + 0.82597 * (wK*wM)^^(1/2)] (***)

VII. Note:
1. C(q;wL,wK,wM) linear homogeneous in factor prices requires for any t > 0 that the unit cost function c(wL,wK,wM) obey:

c(t*wL,t*wK,t*wM) = t * c(wL,wK,wM).

For example, with wL = 7, wK = 13, wM = 6, and t = 2:

2 * c(7, 13, 6) = 42.75 = 42.75 = c(14, 26,12).

2. The matrix ∇²C of second order partial derivatives of the cost function C(q;wL,wK,wM) = h(q)*c(wL,wK,wM) is symmetric:

∂²C/∂q∂wL = h'(q) * ∂c/∂wL = ∂²C/∂wL∂q,

∂²C/∂q∂wK = h'(q) * ∂c/∂wK = ∂²C/∂wK∂q,

∂²C/∂q∂wM = h'(q) * ∂c/∂wM = ∂²C/∂wM∂q,

∂²c/∂wL∂wK = .25 * (dLK+dKL)/(wL*wK)^^(1/2) = ∂²c/∂wK∂wL,

∂²c/∂wL∂wM = .25 * (dLM+dML)/(wL*wM)^^(1/2) = ∂²c/∂wM∂wL,

∂²c/∂wK∂wM = .25 * (dKM+dMK)/(wL*wK)^^(1/2) = ∂²c/∂wM∂wK, and

∂²c/∂wL∂wL = -.25((dLK+dKL)*wK^^(1/2) + (dLM+dML)*wM^^(1/2))/wL^^(3/2),

∂²c/∂wK∂wK = -.25((dKL+dLK)*wL^^(1/2) + (dKM+dMK)*wM^^(1/2))/wK^^(3/2),

∂²c/∂wM∂wM = -.25((dML+dLM)*wL^^(1/2) + (dMK+dKM)*wK^^(1/2))/wM^^(3/2).

3. The cost function C(q;wL,wK,wM) is a concave in factor prices if the Hessian matrix H = ∇²_wwc(wL,wK,wM) of second order partial derivatives with respect to factor prices is negative semidefinite. The values of the second order partial derivatives depend on factor prices. As an example, consider the case where wL = 7, wK = 13, and wM = 6:

H = ∇²_wwc =

-0.08373	0.02701	0.03916
0.02701	-0.02534	0.02338
0.03916	0.02338	-0.09634

The principal minors of H are H1 = -0.083728, H2 = 0.001392, and H3 = 0.

If these principal minors alternate in sign, starting with negative, with H3 <= 0, the matrix H is negative (semi)definite,
and the cost function C(q;wL,wK,wM) is a concave function in factor prices at wL = 7, wK = 13, and wM = 6.

The eigenvalues of H are e1 = -0.1297, e2 = -0.0757, and e3 = 0.
H3 = e1 * e2 * e3 = 0.

VIII. The factor share functions are:

sL(q;wL,wK,wM) = wL * L(q; wL, wK, wM) / C(q;wL,wK,wM) = wL * ∂C/∂wL / C(q;wL,wK,wM) ,

sK(q;wL,wK,wM)= wK * K(q; wL, wK, wM) / C(q;wL,wK,wM) = wK * ∂C/∂wK / C(q;wL,wK,wM),

sM(q;wL,wK,wM)= wM * M(q; wL, wK, wM) / C(q;wL,wK,wM) = wM * ∂C/∂wM / C(q;wL,wK,wM).

IX. Uzawa Partial Elasticities of Substitution:

u_LK = C(q;wL,wK,wM) * ∂L(q;wL,wK,wM)/∂wK / (L(q;wL,wK,wM) * K(q;wL,wK,wM)),

u_LM = C(q;wL,wK,wM) * ∂L(q;wL,wK,wM)/∂wM / (L(q;wL,wK,wM) * M(q;wL,wK,wM)),

u_KL = C(q;wL,wK,wM) * ∂K(q;wL,wK,wM)/∂wL / (K(q;wL,wK,wM) * L(q;wL,wK,wM)),

u_KM = C(q;wL,wK,wM) * ∂K(q;wL,wK,wM)/∂wM / (K(q;wL,wK,wM) * M(q;wL,wK,wM)),

u_ML = C(q;wL,wK,wM) * ∂M(q;wL,wK,wM)/∂wL / (M(q;wL,wK,wM) * L(q;wL,wK,wM)),

u_MK = C(q;wL,wK,wM) * ∂M(q;wL,wK,wM)/∂wK / (M(q;wL,wK,wM) * M(q;wL,wK,wM)),

Imposing the dLK = dKL, dLM = dML, and dKM = dMK restrictions in the factor demand functions, we get (approximate?) equality of the cross partial elasticities of substitution:

u_LK = u_KL, u_LM = u_ML, and u_KM = u_MK.

as seen in the following table.

X. Table of Results: check that the estimated Diewert cost function and input amounts for a given level of output agree with the Generalized CES production function's minimized cost and inputs. Also, compare the Allen partial elasticities of substitution, s_LK, s_LM, and s_MK, with the Uzawa partial elasticities of substitution, u_LK, u_LM, and u_KM.

Generalized CES-Diewert Cost Function À1: Estimate the Translog cost function using restricted factor shares Parameters: rho = 0.17647, rhoL = 0.17647, rhoK = 0.11823, rhoM = 0.26339
					nu = 1 — Generalized CES Cost Data —								nu1 = 0.92 — Diewert Cost Data —				Factor Shares			Uzawa Elasticities						∇²_wwc(w)
obs #	q	wL	wK	wM	L	K	M	s_LK	s_LM	s_KM	ε_LKM	cost	est cost	est L	est K	est M	sL	sK	sM	u_LK	u_LM	u_KL	u_KM	u_ML	u_MK	e₁	e₂	e₃
1	18	8.76	11.08	4.48	19.86	14.81	28.91	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.925	467.57	467.65	19.81	15.35	27.68	0.371	0.364	0.265	0.93	0.8	0.93	0.75	0.8	0.75	-0.169	-0.069	-0
2	19	6.2	12.88	6.54	29.02	14.17	23.21	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.928	514.16	513.23	28.9	14.59	22.35	0.349	0.366	0.285	0.86	0.78	0.86	0.87	0.78	0.87	-0.134	-0.075	0
3	20	6	13.92	4.14	28.88	12.77	32.34	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.918	484.9	486.69	29.07	13.13	31.27	0.358	0.376	0.266	0.93	0.71	0.93	0.84	0.71	0.84	-0.194	-0.092	-0
4	21	5.74	14.76	6.08	34.67	14.11	27.3	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.923	573.29	573.86	34.54	14.48	26.63	0.345	0.372	0.282	0.88	0.73	0.88	0.89	0.73	0.89	-0.151	-0.08	-0
5	22	7.7	11.28	6.92	29.33	19.58	26.61	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.929	630.75	629.46	29.31	19.91	25.89	0.359	0.357	0.285	0.86	0.83	0.86	0.82	0.83	0.82	-0.109	-0.073	-0
6	23	5.48	13.98	4	35.13	14.42	37.12	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.915	542.54	544.36	35.35	14.68	36.34	0.356	0.377	0.267	0.93	0.69	0.93	0.85	0.69	0.85	-0.204	-0.101	0
7	24	8.34	12.24	7.02	31.75	21.25	30.18	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.927	736.7	736.11	31.75	21.54	29.59	0.36	0.358	0.282	0.87	0.82	0.87	0.81	0.82	0.81	-0.106	-0.068	0
8	25	5.1	13.84	4.04	39.99	15.63	39.25	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.914	578.81	580.36	40.16	15.83	38.74	0.353	0.377	0.27	0.93	0.69	0.93	0.86	0.69	0.86	-0.205	-0.107	-0
9	26	8.14	11.22	5.44	32.23	22.83	36.73	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.923	718.35	718.63	32.22	23.09	36.26	0.365	0.361	0.275	0.9	0.81	0.9	0.78	0.81	0.78	-0.134	-0.073	0
10	27	5.22	13.66	4.54	43.85	17.79	39.72	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.916	652.3	653.46	43.89	17.95	39.46	0.351	0.375	0.274	0.91	0.71	0.91	0.87	0.71	0.87	-0.185	-0.1	-0
11	28	6.08	13.08	7.86	46.79	22.7	30.83	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.926	823.69	823.87	46.63	22.97	30.52	0.344	0.365	0.291	0.83	0.8	0.83	0.9	0.8	0.9	-0.132	-0.065	-0
12	29	6.76	12.64	7.36	44.65	24.49	33.81	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.924	860.18	860.52	44.61	24.66	33.59	0.35	0.362	0.287	0.85	0.8	0.85	0.86	0.8	0.86	-0.119	-0.069	-0
13	30	7	13	6	43.79	24.14	40.13	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.92	861.17	861.85	43.78	24.25	40.03	0.356	0.366	0.279	0.88	0.78	0.88	0.84	0.78	0.84	-0.13	-0.076	0
14	31	7.34	14.84	7.5	48.52	24.93	38.42	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.921	1014.19	1015.01	48.44	25.01	38.43	0.35	0.366	0.284	0.86	0.78	0.86	0.86	0.78	0.86	-0.114	-0.065	-0
15	32	6.24	14.8	4.1	48.13	21.43	54.08	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.91	839.18	839.72	48.38	21.39	53.96	0.36	0.377	0.263	0.94	0.7	0.94	0.83	0.7	0.83	-0.198	-0.089	0
16	33	5.18	12.74	5.22	55.23	23.97	43.82	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.916	820.31	820.91	55.07	23.95	44.16	0.347	0.372	0.281	0.88	0.74	0.88	0.88	0.74	0.88	-0.169	-0.092	-0
17	34	8.92	13.02	5.84	43.75	29.92	49.63	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.917	1069.59	1070.14	43.74	29.83	49.92	0.365	0.363	0.272	0.91	0.8	0.91	0.79	0.8	0.79	-0.126	-0.065	-0
18	35	5.5	14.3	5.18	59.13	24.51	49.26	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.913	930.81	930.9	58.98	24.35	49.87	0.348	0.374	0.277	0.9	0.72	0.9	0.88	0.72	0.88	-0.166	-0.091	-0
19	36	7.76	14.28	6.54	53.05	29.78	48.62	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.917	1155	1155.48	53.02	29.59	49.15	0.356	0.366	0.278	0.89	0.78	0.89	0.83	0.78	0.83	-0.118	-0.069	-0
20	37	6.4	13.58	4.1	54.08	26.76	61.5	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.909	961.6	960.71	54.21	26.5	61.91	0.361	0.375	0.264	0.94	0.72	0.94	0.82	0.72	0.82	-0.194	-0.087	-0
21	38	7.22	11.54	7.46	56.22	35.91	43.68	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.922	1146.08	1147.84	56.36	35.57	44.3	0.354	0.358	0.288	0.84	0.83	0.84	0.85	0.83	0.85	-0.11	-0.07	-0
22	39	8.22	11.38	6.28	51.63	37.33	51.24	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.919	1170.99	1172.04	51.67	36.86	52.2	0.362	0.358	0.28	0.88	0.82	0.88	0.8	0.82	0.8	-0.115	-0.072	-0
23	40	8.24	14.96	4.42	53.9	30.65	70.56	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.908	1214.54	1212.34	54	30.29	71.08	0.367	0.374	0.259	0.95	0.73	0.95	0.79	0.73	0.79	-0.181	-0.068	-0
24	41	7.06	14.56	5.12	61.52	31.43	62.86	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.911	1213.79	1211.86	61.49	30.94	63.94	0.358	0.372	0.27	0.92	0.74	0.92	0.83	0.74	0.83	-0.152	-0.078	0
25	42	6.26	11.96	6.92	67.45	37.08	49.05	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.919	1205.13	1206.46	67.4	36.59	50.13	0.35	0.363	0.288	0.85	0.8	0.85	0.87	0.8	0.87	-0.129	-0.074	-0
26	43	5.22	14.48	4.28	73.56	29.1	67.37	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.907	1093.8	1090.06	73.43	28.42	68.99	0.352	0.377	0.271	0.92	0.69	0.92	0.87	0.69	0.87	-0.196	-0.103	-0
27	44	8.62	11.9	4.26	53.7	39.01	75.03	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.91	1246.77	1244.04	53.55	38.41	76.36	0.371	0.367	0.261	0.94	0.78	0.94	0.75	0.78	0.75	-0.182	-0.068	-0
28	45	8.96	12.16	7.38	60.93	45.24	56.33	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.919	1511.68	1513.68	61.06	44.28	58.02	0.361	0.356	0.283	0.87	0.84	0.87	0.8	0.84	0.8	-0.099	-0.066	0
29	46	8.48	14.98	7.56	69.23	40.88	59.59	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.915	1649.88	1649.54	69.16	40.02	61.32	0.356	0.363	0.281	0.87	0.79	0.87	0.84	0.79	0.84	-0.103	-0.062	-0
30	47	7.3	13.92	4.18	66.31	36.48	81.27	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.906	1331.57	1325.85	66.29	35.61	82.84	0.365	0.374	0.261	0.94	0.73	0.94	0.8	0.73	0.8	-0.19	-0.077	-0
31	48	7.98	13.92	5.14	67.44	40.22	75.22	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.909	1484.64	1480.04	67.31	39.23	77.21	0.363	0.369	0.268	0.92	0.76	0.92	0.8	0.76	0.8	-0.148	-0.07	0
AVE:	33	7.01	13.25	5.67	48.5	26.43	47.49	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.917	951.74	951.51	48.5	26.43	47.49	0.357	0.368	0.275	0.9	0.76	0.9	0.83	0.76	0.83	-0.15	-0.078	-0

À2: Estimate the Diewert cost function directly.

XI. If we have a data set relating the input (factor) prices, wL, wK, and wM, to the total (minimum) cost of producing output for varying levels output, but do not have data on the required levels of inputs, we can estimate the Diewert cost function directly. We will use the same sequence (displayed in the "Diewert Cost Function" table) of factor prices, outputs, and total (minimum) cost as used in À1. The estimated coefficients of the cost function will vary with the parameters nu, rho, rhoL, rhoK, rhoM, alpha, beta and gamma of the Generalized CES production function used to generate these data.

QR Least Squares
Parameter Estimates
Parameter	Coefficient	std error	t-ratio
cLL	-0.157852	0.097	-1.63
cKK	-0.140815	0.052	-2.705
cMM	-0.138356	0.103	-1.341
2*dLK	1.223953	0.113	10.797
2*dLM	0.898125	0.124	7.242
2*dKM	0.866172	0.106	8.184

R2 = 0.9997

R2b = 0.9997

# obs = 31

The Diewert cost function as obtained by direct estimation is:

C(q;wL,wK,wM) = q^^(1/nu1) * [cLL * wL + cKK * wK + cMM * wM + 2 * dLK * (wL*wK)^^(1/2) + 2 * dLM * (wL*wM)^^(1/2) + 2 * dKM * (wK*wM)^^(1/2)]

= q^^(1/0.92) * [-0.15785 * wL + -0.14081 * wK + -0.13836 * wM + 1.22395 * (wL*wK)^^(1/2) + 0.89812 * (wL*wM)^^(1/2) + 0.86617 * (wK*wM)^^(1/2)] (***)

XII. Its three derived factor demand functions are:

∂C/∂wL = L(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/0.92) * [-0.1579 + 0.612 * (wK / wL)^^(1/2) + 0.4491 * (wM / wL)^^(1/2)]

∂C/∂wK = K(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/0.92) * [-0.1408 + 0.612 * (wL / wK)^^(1/2) + 0.4331 * (wM / wK)^^(1/2)]

∂C/∂wM = M(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/0.92) * [-0.1384 + 0.4491 * (wL / wM)^^(1/2) + 0.4331 * (wK / wM)^^(1/2)]

The derived factor demand elasticities are obtained by:

For example, with wL = 7, wK = 13, wM = 6, and q = 30:

ε_L,wL	ε_L,wK	ε_L,wM	ε_L,q
ε_K,wL	ε_K,wK	ε_K,wM	ε_K,q
ε_M,wL	ε_M,wK	ε_M,wM	ε_M,q

-0.5723	0.3819	0.1904	1.087
0.3727	-0.6169	0.2442	1.087
0.2464	0.3239	-0.5703	1.087

XIII. Notes:
1. As derived, dLK = dKL, dLM = dML, and dKM = dMK: Young's Theorem holds by construction.

2. C(q;wL,wK,wM) linear homogeneous in factor prices requires for any t > 0 that the unit cost function c(wL,wK,wM) obey:

c(t*wL,t*wK,t*wM) = t * c(wL,wK,wM).

For example, with wL = 7, wK = 13, wM = 6, and t = 2:

2 * c(7, 13, 6) = 42.76 = 42.76 = c(14, 26,12).

3. The matrix ∇²C of second order partial derivatives of the cost function C(q;wL,wK,wM) = h(q)*c(wL,wK,wM) is symmetric.

4. The cost function C(q;wL,wK,wM) is a concave in factor prices if the Hessian matrix H = ∇²_wwc(wL,wK,wM) of second order partial derivatives with respect to factor prices is negative semidefinite. The values of the second order partial derivatives depend on factor prices. As an example, consider the case where wL = 7, wK = 13, and wM = 6:

H = ∇²_wwc =

-0.08927	0.03208	0.03465
0.03208	-0.02859	0.02452
0.03465	0.02452	-0.09354

The principal minors of H are H1 = -0.089267, H2 = 0.001523, and H3 = -0.

If these principal minors alternate in sign, starting with negative, with H3 <= 0, the matrix H is negative (semi)definite,
and the cost function C(q;wL,wK,wM) is a concave function in factor prices at wL = 7, wK = 13, and wM = 6.

The eigenvalues of H are e1 = -0.1263, e2 = -0.0851, and e3 = -0.
H3 = e1 * e2 * e3 = -0.

XIV. Table of Results: check that the estimated Diewert cost function and input amounts for a given level of output agree with the Generalized CES production function's minimized cost and inputs. Also, compare the Allen partial elasticities of substitution, s_LK, s_LM, and s_MK, with the Uzawa partial elasticities of substitution, u_LK, u_LM, and u_KM.

Generalized CES-Diewert Cost Function À2: Estimate the Diewert cost function directly Parameters: rho = 0.17647, rhoL = 0.17647, rhoK = 0.11823, rhoM = 0.26339
					nu = 1 — Generalized CES Cost Data —								nu1 = 0.92 — Diewert Cost Data —				Factor Shares			Uzawa Elasticities						∇²_wwc(w)
obs #	q	wL	wK	wM	L	K	M	s_LK	s_LM	s_KM	ε_LKM	cost	est cost	est L	est K	est M	sL	sK	sM	u_LK	u_LM	u_KL	u_KM	u_ML	u_MK	e₁	e₂	e₃
1	18	8.76	11.08	4.48	19.86	14.81	28.91	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.925	467.57	468.06	19.71	15.71	27.09	0.369	0.372	0.259	1.09	0.73	1.09	0.78	0.73	0.78	-0.162	-0.079	-0
2	19	6.2	12.88	6.54	29.02	14.17	23.21	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.928	514.16	513.2	29.1	14.54	22.25	0.352	0.365	0.284	1.02	0.69	1.02	0.92	0.69	0.92	-0.135	-0.082	0
3	20	6	13.92	4.14	28.88	12.77	32.34	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.918	484.9	486.78	29.77	12.9	31.05	0.367	0.369	0.264	1.1	0.62	1.1	0.9	0.62	0.9	-0.188	-0.105	-0
4	21	5.74	14.76	6.08	34.67	14.11	27.3	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.923	573.29	573.33	35.18	14.2	26.62	0.352	0.365	0.282	1.04	0.64	1.04	0.95	0.64	0.95	-0.152	-0.087	0
5	22	7.7	11.28	6.92	29.33	19.58	26.61	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.929	630.75	629.06	29.03	20.26	25.57	0.355	0.363	0.281	1.01	0.75	1.01	0.86	0.75	0.86	-0.107	-0.081	-0
6	23	5.48	13.98	4	35.13	14.42	37.12	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.915	542.54	544.01	36.35	14.32	36.16	0.366	0.368	0.266	1.1	0.6	1.1	0.92	0.6	0.92	-0.198	-0.115	-0
7	24	8.34	12.24	7.02	31.75	21.25	30.18	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.927	736.7	735.81	31.5	21.9	29.2	0.357	0.364	0.279	1.02	0.74	1.02	0.85	0.74	0.85	-0.102	-0.077	0
8	25	5.1	13.84	4.04	39.99	15.63	39.25	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.914	578.81	579.59	41.34	15.37	38.62	0.364	0.367	0.269	1.1	0.59	1.1	0.94	0.59	0.94	-0.201	-0.121	-0
9	26	8.14	11.22	5.44	32.23	22.83	36.73	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.923	718.35	718.72	32.02	23.54	35.65	0.363	0.367	0.27	1.05	0.73	1.05	0.82	0.73	0.82	-0.128	-0.083	-0
10	27	5.22	13.66	4.54	43.85	17.79	39.72	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.916	652.3	652.8	44.98	17.52	39.36	0.36	0.367	0.274	1.08	0.61	1.08	0.94	0.61	0.94	-0.182	-0.112	0
11	28	6.08	13.08	7.86	46.79	22.7	30.83	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.926	823.69	823.68	46.78	22.9	30.5	0.345	0.364	0.291	0.99	0.7	0.99	0.94	0.7	0.94	-0.136	-0.069	0
12	29	6.76	12.64	7.36	44.65	24.49	33.81	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.924	860.18	860.4	44.6	24.77	33.41	0.35	0.364	0.286	1	0.71	1	0.91	0.71	0.91	-0.121	-0.075	-0
13	30	7	13	6	43.79	24.14	40.13	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.92	861.17	862.15	44.03	24.29	39.69	0.357	0.366	0.276	1.04	0.69	1.04	0.88	0.69	0.88	-0.126	-0.085	-0
14	31	7.34	14.84	7.5	48.52	24.93	38.42	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.921	1014.19	1015.01	48.73	24.97	38.24	0.352	0.365	0.283	1.02	0.69	1.02	0.91	0.69	0.91	-0.114	-0.071	-0
15	32	6.24	14.8	4.1	48.13	21.43	54.08	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.91	839.18	839.83	49.68	20.96	53.57	0.369	0.369	0.262	1.11	0.61	1.11	0.9	0.61	0.9	-0.191	-0.102	-0
16	33	5.18	12.74	5.22	55.23	23.97	43.82	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.916	820.31	820.4	56.03	23.55	44.08	0.354	0.366	0.28	1.05	0.64	1.05	0.94	0.64	0.94	-0.169	-0.101	0
17	34	8.92	13.02	5.84	43.75	29.92	49.63	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.917	1069.59	1070.75	43.65	30.3	49.12	0.364	0.368	0.268	1.06	0.72	1.06	0.83	0.72	0.83	-0.121	-0.075	-0
18	35	5.5	14.3	5.18	59.13	24.51	49.26	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.913	930.81	929.98	60.3	23.81	49.78	0.357	0.366	0.277	1.07	0.62	1.07	0.94	0.62	0.94	-0.165	-0.1	-0
19	36	7.76	14.28	6.54	53.05	29.78	48.62	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.917	1155	1155.93	53.32	29.66	48.71	0.358	0.366	0.276	1.04	0.69	1.04	0.88	0.69	0.88	-0.115	-0.077	0
20	37	6.4	13.58	4.1	54.08	26.76	61.5	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.909	961.6	961.54	55.36	26.2	61.33	0.368	0.37	0.262	1.1	0.63	1.1	0.88	0.63	0.88	-0.187	-0.099	-0
21	38	7.22	11.54	7.46	56.22	35.91	43.68	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.922	1146.08	1147.21	55.91	36.05	43.9	0.352	0.363	0.285	0.99	0.75	0.99	0.88	0.75	0.88	-0.111	-0.076	-0
22	39	8.22	11.38	6.28	51.63	37.33	51.24	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.919	1170.99	1171.53	51.2	37.6	51.4	0.359	0.365	0.276	1.03	0.75	1.03	0.83	0.75	0.83	-0.11	-0.082	0
23	40	8.24	14.96	4.42	53.9	30.65	70.56	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.908	1214.54	1214.68	54.89	30.25	70.1	0.372	0.373	0.255	1.11	0.65	1.11	0.84	0.65	0.84	-0.175	-0.078	-0
24	41	7.06	14.56	5.12	61.52	31.43	62.86	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.911	1213.79	1212.65	62.48	30.7	63.38	0.364	0.369	0.268	1.08	0.65	1.08	0.89	0.65	0.89	-0.147	-0.088	-0
25	42	6.26	11.96	6.92	67.45	37.08	49.05	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.919	1205.13	1206.31	67.44	36.7	49.88	0.35	0.364	0.286	1	0.71	1	0.91	0.71	0.91	-0.13	-0.079	-0
26	43	5.22	14.48	4.28	73.56	29.1	67.37	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.907	1093.8	1088.35	75.62	27.56	68.83	0.363	0.367	0.271	1.1	0.59	1.1	0.94	0.59	0.94	-0.192	-0.117	0
27	44	8.62	11.9	4.26	53.7	39.01	75.03	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.91	1246.77	1246.14	53.62	39.08	74.86	0.371	0.373	0.256	1.1	0.7	1.1	0.79	0.7	0.79	-0.175	-0.078	-0
28	45	8.96	12.16	7.38	60.93	45.24	56.33	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.919	1511.68	1512.33	60.32	45.23	57.17	0.357	0.364	0.279	1.02	0.76	1.02	0.84	0.76	0.84	-0.095	-0.074	-0
29	46	8.48	14.98	7.56	69.23	40.88	59.59	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.915	1649.88	1649.84	69.28	40.25	60.76	0.356	0.365	0.278	1.03	0.71	1.03	0.88	0.71	0.88	-0.101	-0.069	0
30	47	7.3	13.92	4.18	66.31	36.48	81.27	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.906	1331.57	1327.95	67.47	35.45	81.81	0.371	0.372	0.258	1.11	0.64	1.11	0.85	0.64	0.85	-0.183	-0.088	-0
31	48	7.98	13.92	5.14	67.44	40.22	75.22	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.909	1484.64	1481.83	67.94	39.37	76.21	0.366	0.37	0.264	1.08	0.67	1.08	0.85	0.67	0.85	-0.143	-0.08	0
AVE:	33	7.01	13.25	5.67	48.96	26.45	47.04	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.917	951.74	951.61	48.96	26.45	47.04	0.36	0.367	0.273	1.06	0.68	1.06	0.88	0.68	0.88	-0.147	-0.087	-0

The Generalized CES production function as specified:

q = 1 * [0.35 * L^^{- 0.17647} + 0.4 * K^^{- 0.11823} + 0.25 *M^^{- 0.26339}]^^(-1/0.17647) = f(L,K,M).

À3: Estimate the factor demand equations separately, with nu1 = 1.

XVI. For these coefficients of the CES Generalized production function, I generated a sequence (displayed in the "Generalized CES-Diewert Cost Function" table) of factor prices, outputs, and the corresponding cost minimizing inputs. Then I used these data to estimate the coefficients of each factor share equation separately:

QR Least Squares
Parameter Estimates
Parameter	Coefficient	std error	t-ratio
cLL	-0.039624	0.071	-0.556
dLK	0.662245	0.044	15.085
dLM	0.651808	0.066	9.855

R2 = 0.9427

R2b = 0.9386

# obs = 31

QR Least Squares
Parameter Estimates
Parameter	Coefficient	std error	t-ratio
cKK	-0.088831	0.057	-1.547
dKL	0.758609	0.087	8.695
dKM	0.50633	0.084	6.048

R2 = 0.8954

R2b = 0.8879

# obs = 31

QR Least Squares
Parameter Estimates
Parameter	Coefficient	std error	t-ratio
cMM	-0.259306	0.014	-18.155
dML	0.726103	0.014	50.451
dMK	0.553514	0.009	59.764

R2 = 0.9981

R2b = 0.9979

# obs = 31

The three estimated factor demand functions are:

∂C/∂wL = L(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/1) * [-0.0396 + 0.6622 * (wK / wL)^^(1/2) + 0.6518 * (wM / wL)^^(1/2)]

∂C/∂wK = K(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/1) * [-0.0888 + 0.7586 * (wL / wK)^^(1/2) + 0.5063 * (wM / wK)^^(1/2)]

∂C/∂wM = M(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/1) * [-0.2593 + 0.7261 * (wL / wM)^^(1/2) + 0.5535 * (wK / wM)^^(1/2)]

The estimated factor demand elasticities are obtained by:

For example, with wL = 7, wK = 13, wM = 6, and q = 30:

ε_L,wL	ε_L,wK	ε_L,wM	ε_L,q
ε_K,wL	ε_K,wK	ε_K,wM	ε_K,q
ε_M,wL	ε_M,wK	ε_M,wM	ε_M,q

-0.5135	0.3077	0.2058	1
0.3429	-0.5547	0.2119	1
0.2927	0.3041	-0.5968	1

XVII. The Diewert cost function as obtained from the unrestricted factor demand equations is:

C(q;wL,wK,wM) = q^^(1/nu1) * [cLL * wL + cKK * wK + cMM * wM + (dLK+dKL) * (wL*wK)^^(1/2) + (dLM +dML) * (wL*wM)^^(1/2) + (dKM+dMK) * (wK*wM)^^(1/2)]

= q^^(1/1) * [-0.03962 * wL + -0.08883 * wK + -0.25931 * wM + 1.42085 * (wL*wK)^^(1/2) + 1.37791 * (wL*wM)^^(1/2) + 1.05984 * (wK*wM)^^(1/2)] (***)

XVIII. The Restricted Factor Demand Equations.

Having obtained the unrestricted estimates of the coefficients of the factor demand functions, we compute the restricted least squares estimates with dLK = dKL, dLM = dML, and dKM = dMK.

QR Restricted Least Squares
Parameter Estimates
Parameter	Coefficient	std error	t-ratio
cLL	-0.085065	0.04205	-2.022927
dLK	0.669914	0.025891	25.874103
dLM	0.690383	0.029784	23.179524
cKK	-0.062331	0.023904	-2.607519
dKL	0.669914	0.025891	25.874103
dKM	0.564638	0.022235	25.394171
cMM	-0.236446	0.037341	-6.332131
dML	0.690383	0.029784	23.179524
dMK	0.564638	0.022235	25.394171

R2 = 0.9949

R2b = 0.9944

# obs = 93

dLK = dKL, dLM = dML, and dKM = dMK

The three estimated, restricted factor demand functions are:

∂C/∂wL = L(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/1) * [-0.0851 + 0.6699 * (wK / wL)^^(1/2) + 0.6904 * (wM / wL)^^(1/2)]

∂C/∂wK = K(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/1) * [-0.0623 + 0.6699 * (wL / wK)^^(1/2) + 0.5646 * (wM / wK)^^(1/2)]

∂C/∂wM = M(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/1) * [-0.2364 + 0.6904 * (wL / wM)^^(1/2) + 0.5646 * (wK / wM)^^(1/2)]

The estimated factor demand elasticities are obtained by:

For example, with wL = 7, wK = 13, wM = 6, and q = 30:

ε_L,wL	ε_L,wK	ε_L,wM	ε_L,q
ε_K,wL	ε_K,wK	ε_K,wM	ε_K,q
ε_M,wL	ε_M,wK	ε_M,wM	ε_M,q

-0.529	0.3111	0.2178	1
0.3024	-0.5383	0.236	1
0.2782	0.31	-0.5882	1

XIX. The Diewert cost function as obtained from the restricted factor demand equations is:

C(q;wL,wK,wM) = q^^(1/nu) * [cLL * wL + cKK * wK + cMM * wM + (dLK+dKL) * (wL*wK)^^(1/2) + (dLM +dML) * (wL*wM)^^(1/2) + (dKM+dMK) * (wK*wM)^^(1/2)]

= q^^(1/1) * [-0.08506 * wL + -0.06233 * wK + -0.23645 * wM + 1.33983 * (wL*wK)^^(1/2) + 1.38077 * (wL*wM)^^(1/2) + 1.12928 * (wK*wM)^^(1/2)] (***)

XX. Note:
1. C(q;wL,wK,wM) linear homogeneous in factor prices requires for any t > 0 that the unit cost function c(wL,wK,wM) obey:

c(t*wL,t*wK,t*wM) = t * c(wL,wK,wM).

For example, with wL = 7, wK = 13, wM = 6, and t = 2:

2 * c(7, 13, 6) = 57.76 = 57.76 = c(14, 26,12).

2. The matrix ∇²C of second order partial derivatives of the cost function C(q;wL,wK,wM) = h(q)*c(wL,wK,wM) is symmetric:

H = ∇²_wwc =

-0.11087	0.03511	0.05326
0.03511	-0.03366	0.03197
0.05326	0.03197	-0.1314

The principal minors of H are H1 = -0.110865, H2 = 0.002499, and H3 = 0.

If these principal minors alternate in sign, starting with negative, with H3 <= 0, the matrix H is negative (semi)definite,
and the cost function C(q;wL,wK,wM) is a concave function in factor prices at wL = 7, wK = 13, and wM = 6.

The eigenvalues of H are e1 = -0.1754, e2 = -0.1005, and e3 = 0.
H3 = e1 * e2 * e3 = 0.

XXI. The factor share functions are:

XXII. Uzawa Partial Elasticities of Substitution:

Imposing the dLK = dKL, dLM = dML, and dKM = dMK restrictions in the factor demand functions, we get (approximate?) equality of the cross partial elasticities of substitution:

u_LK = u_KL, u_LM = u_ML, and u_KM = u_MK.

as seen in the following table.

XXIII. Table of Results: check that the estimated Diewert cost function and input amounts for a given level of output agree with the Generalized CES production function's minimized cost and inputs. Also, compare the Allen partial elasticities of substitution, s_LK, s_LM, and s_MK, with the Uzawa partial elasticities of substitution, u_LK, u_LM, and u_KM.

Generalized CES-Diewert Cost Function À3: Estimate the Translog cost function using restricted factor shares Parameters: rho = 0.17647, rhoL = 0.17647, rhoK = 0.11823, rhoM = 0.26339
					nu = 1 — Generalized CES Cost Data —								nu1 = 1 — Diewert Cost Data —				Factor Shares			Uzawa Elasticities						∇²_wwc(w)
obs #	q	wL	wK	wM	L	K	M	s_LK	s_LM	s_KM	ε_LKM	cost	est cost	est L	est K	est M	sL	sK	sM	u_LK	u_LM	u_KL	u_KM	u_ML	u_MK	e₁	e₂	e₃
1	18	8.76	11.08	4.48	19.86	14.81	28.91	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.925	467.57	491.6	20.92	16.06	29.1	0.373	0.362	0.265	0.9	0.8	0.9	0.76	0.8	0.76	-0.23	-0.091	0
2	19	6.2	12.88	6.54	29.02	14.17	23.21	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.928	514.16	536.81	30.2	15.29	23.33	0.349	0.367	0.284	0.83	0.78	0.83	0.88	0.78	0.88	-0.18	-0.101	-0
3	20	6	13.92	4.14	28.88	12.77	32.34	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.918	484.9	506.84	30.18	13.71	32.6	0.357	0.376	0.266	0.9	0.71	0.9	0.84	0.71	0.84	-0.264	-0.122	0
4	21	5.74	14.76	6.08	34.67	14.11	27.3	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.923	573.29	595.17	35.69	15.07	27.6	0.344	0.374	0.282	0.85	0.74	0.85	0.9	0.74	0.9	-0.202	-0.107	-0
5	22	7.7	11.28	6.92	29.33	19.58	26.61	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.929	630.75	650.07	30.37	20.54	26.68	0.36	0.356	0.284	0.82	0.83	0.82	0.83	0.83	0.83	-0.147	-0.097	0
6	23	5.48	13.98	4	35.13	14.42	37.12	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.915	542.54	560.12	36.22	15.16	37.43	0.354	0.378	0.267	0.9	0.7	0.9	0.86	0.7	0.86	-0.277	-0.133	0
7	24	8.34	12.24	7.02	31.75	21.25	30.18	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.927	736.7	754.51	32.64	22.04	30.28	0.361	0.358	0.282	0.83	0.83	0.83	0.83	0.83	0.83	-0.143	-0.09	0
8	25	5.1	13.84	4.04	39.99	15.63	39.25	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.914	578.81	592.91	40.82	16.23	39.61	0.351	0.379	0.27	0.89	0.7	0.89	0.87	0.7	0.87	-0.278	-0.141	-0
9	26	8.14	11.22	5.44	32.23	22.83	36.73	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.923	718.35	731.57	32.91	23.44	36.89	0.366	0.359	0.274	0.86	0.81	0.86	0.79	0.81	0.79	-0.182	-0.096	-0
10	27	5.22	13.66	4.54	43.85	17.79	39.72	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.916	652.3	663.11	44.35	18.29	40.05	0.349	0.377	0.274	0.88	0.71	0.88	0.88	0.71	0.88	-0.249	-0.133	-0
11	28	6.08	13.08	7.86	46.79	22.7	30.83	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.926	823.69	833.08	47.11	23.3	30.78	0.344	0.366	0.29	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.91	0.8	0.91	-0.176	-0.088	-0
12	29	6.76	12.64	7.36	44.65	24.49	33.81	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.924	860.18	867.49	44.99	24.89	33.79	0.351	0.363	0.287	0.81	0.81	0.81	0.88	0.81	0.88	-0.16	-0.093	-0
13	30	7	13	6	43.79	24.14	40.13	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.92	861.17	866.36	44.01	24.39	40.21	0.356	0.366	0.278	0.85	0.78	0.85	0.85	0.78	0.85	-0.175	-0.101	0
14	31	7.34	14.84	7.5	48.52	24.93	38.42	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.921	1014.19	1017.39	48.53	25.12	38.46	0.35	0.366	0.284	0.83	0.79	0.83	0.87	0.79	0.87	-0.153	-0.087	-0
15	32	6.24	14.8	4.1	48.13	21.43	54.08	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.91	839.18	839.48	48.2	21.44	54.02	0.358	0.378	0.264	0.91	0.7	0.91	0.84	0.7	0.84	-0.269	-0.118	-0
16	33	5.18	12.74	5.22	55.23	23.97	43.82	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.916	820.31	818.54	54.73	23.97	44	0.346	0.373	0.281	0.85	0.74	0.85	0.89	0.74	0.89	-0.227	-0.123	0
17	34	8.92	13.02	5.84	43.75	29.92	49.63	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.917	1069.59	1064.23	43.62	29.59	49.64	0.366	0.362	0.272	0.87	0.8	0.87	0.8	0.8	0.8	-0.172	-0.086	-0
18	35	5.5	14.3	5.18	59.13	24.51	49.26	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.913	930.81	923.56	58.28	24.25	49.46	0.347	0.376	0.277	0.86	0.73	0.86	0.88	0.73	0.88	-0.224	-0.121	-0
19	36	7.76	14.28	6.54	53.05	29.78	48.62	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.917	1155	1143.26	52.47	29.29	48.6	0.356	0.366	0.278	0.85	0.78	0.85	0.84	0.78	0.84	-0.16	-0.091	-0
20	37	6.4	13.58	4.1	54.08	26.76	61.5	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.909	961.6	948.3	53.4	26.19	61.19	0.36	0.375	0.265	0.9	0.72	0.9	0.83	0.72	0.83	-0.264	-0.114	0
21	38	7.22	11.54	7.46	56.22	35.91	43.68	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.922	1146.08	1130.26	55.62	35.02	43.51	0.355	0.358	0.287	0.81	0.83	0.81	0.86	0.83	0.86	-0.148	-0.094	-0
22	39	8.22	11.38	6.28	51.63	37.33	51.24	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.919	1170.99	1151.76	50.96	36.13	51.23	0.364	0.357	0.279	0.84	0.83	0.84	0.81	0.83	0.81	-0.157	-0.095	0
23	40	8.24	14.96	4.42	53.9	30.65	70.56	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.908	1214.54	1188.52	52.93	29.67	69.8	0.367	0.373	0.26	0.91	0.74	0.91	0.8	0.74	0.8	-0.247	-0.089	-0
24	41	7.06	14.56	5.12	61.52	31.43	62.86	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.911	1213.79	1185.61	60.06	30.3	62.58	0.358	0.372	0.27	0.88	0.74	0.88	0.84	0.74	0.84	-0.207	-0.102	0
25	42	6.26	11.96	6.92	67.45	37.08	49.05	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.919	1205.13	1177.69	65.8	35.78	48.82	0.35	0.363	0.287	0.81	0.81	0.81	0.88	0.81	0.88	-0.173	-0.099	-0
26	43	5.22	14.48	4.28	73.56	29.1	67.37	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.907	1093.8	1062.38	71.2	27.82	67.28	0.35	0.379	0.271	0.89	0.7	0.89	0.88	0.7	0.88	-0.265	-0.137	0
27	44	8.62	11.9	4.26	53.7	39.01	75.03	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.91	1246.77	1209.79	52.25	37.21	74.33	0.372	0.366	0.262	0.91	0.78	0.91	0.76	0.78	0.76	-0.249	-0.089	-0
28	45	8.96	12.16	7.38	60.93	45.24	56.33	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.919	1511.68	1469.07	59.49	42.87	56.21	0.363	0.355	0.282	0.83	0.84	0.83	0.82	0.84	0.82	-0.134	-0.087	-0
29	46	8.48	14.98	7.56	69.23	40.88	59.59	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.915	1649.88	1597.64	67.03	38.77	59.32	0.356	0.364	0.281	0.84	0.8	0.84	0.85	0.8	0.85	-0.139	-0.083	-0
30	47	7.3	13.92	4.18	66.31	36.48	81.27	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.906	1331.57	1281.71	64.03	34.41	80.2	0.365	0.374	0.262	0.91	0.73	0.91	0.81	0.73	0.81	-0.259	-0.101	-0
31	48	7.98	13.92	5.14	67.44	40.22	75.22	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.909	1484.64	1428.22	64.98	37.82	74.54	0.363	0.369	0.268	0.89	0.76	0.89	0.81	0.76	0.81	-0.202	-0.093	-0
AVE:	33	7.01	13.25	5.67	48.19	26.26	47.15	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.917	951.74	944.74	48.19	26.26	47.15	0.357	0.368	0.275	0.86	0.77	0.86	0.84	0.77	0.84	-0.204	-0.103	-0

À4: Estimate the Diewert cost function directly, with nu1 = 1.

XXIV. If we have a data set relating the input (factor) prices, wL, wK, and wM, to the total (minimum) cost of producing output for varying levels output, but do not have data on the required levels of inputs, we can estimate the Diewert cost function directly. We will use the same sequence (displayed in the "Diewert Cost Function" table) of factor prices, outputs, and total (minimum) cost as used in À1. The estimated coefficients of the cost function will vary with the parameters nu, rho, rhoL, rhoK, rhoM, alpha, beta and gamma of the Generalized CES production function used to generate these data.

Under these circumstances, with nu1 = 1, the Diewert cost function may fail to be concave in factor prices, depending on the generated sequence of random factor prices, as one or more of the eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix H = ∇²_wwc(wL,wK,wM) turn positive.

SVD Least Squares
Parameter Estimates
Parameter	Coefficient	std error	t-ratio
cLL	-3.949995	1.953	-2.022
cKK	-1.565353	1.05	-1.491
cMM	-0.526056	2.081	-0.253
2*dLK	6.256786	2.286	2.737
2*dLM	2.894658	2.501	1.157
2*dKM	0.212419	2.134	0.1

R2 = 0.9535	R2b = 0.9442	# obs = 31
Observation Matrix Rank: 6

The Diewert cost function as obtained by direct estimation is:

C(q;wL,wK,wM) = q^^(1/nu1) * [cLL * wL + cKK * wK + cMM * wM + 2 * dLK * (wL*wK)^^(1/2) + 2 * dLM * (wL*wM)^^(1/2) + 2 * dKM * (wK*wM)^^(1/2)]

= q^^(1/1) * [-3.94999 * wL + -1.56535 * wK + -0.52606 * wM + 6.25679 * (wL*wK)^^(1/2) + 2.89466 * (wL*wM)^^(1/2) + 0.21242 * (wK*wM)^^(1/2)] (***)

XXVI. Its three derived factor demand functions are:

∂C/∂wL = L(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/1) * [-3.95 + 3.1284 * (wK / wL)^^(1/2) + 1.4473 * (wM / wL)^^(1/2)]

∂C/∂wK = K(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/1) * [-1.5654 + 3.1284 * (wL / wK)^^(1/2) + 0.1062 * (wM / wK)^^(1/2)]

∂C/∂wM = M(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/1) * [-0.5261 + 1.4473 * (wL / wM)^^(1/2) + 0.1062 * (wK / wM)^^(1/2)]

The derived factor demand elasticities are obtained by:

For example, with wL = 7, wK = 13, wM = 6, and q = 30:

ε_L,wL	ε_L,wK	ε_L,wM	ε_L,q
ε_K,wL	ε_K,wK	ε_K,wM	ε_K,q
ε_M,wL	ε_M,wK	ε_M,wM	ε_M,q

-1.6946	1.2894	0.4053	1
1.4304	-1.4754	0.045	1
0.6549	0.0655	-0.7204	1

XXVII. Notes:
1. As derived, dLK = dKL, dLM = dML, and dKM = dMK: Young's Theorem holds by construction.

2. C(q;wL,wK,wM) linear homogeneous in factor prices requires for any t > 0 that the unit cost function c(wL,wK,wM) obey:

c(t*wL,t*wK,t*wM) = t * c(wL,wK,wM).

For example, with wL = 7, wK = 13, wM = 6, and t = 2:

2 * c(7, 13, 6) = 58.33 = 58.33 = c(14, 26,12).

3. The matrix ∇²C of second order partial derivatives of the cost function C(q;wL,wK,wM) = h(q)*c(wL,wK,wM) is symmetric.

H = ∇²_wwc =

-0.40023	0.16397	0.11166
0.16397	-0.09107	0.00601
0.11166	0.00601	-0.1433

The principal minors of H are H1 = -0.400232, H2 = 0.009561, and H3 = -0.

If these principal minors alternate in sign, starting with negative, with H3 <= 0, the matrix H is negative (semi)definite,
and the cost function C(q;wL,wK,wM) is a concave function in factor prices at wL = 7, wK = 13, and wM = 6.

The eigenvalues of H are e1 = -0.4996, e2 = -0.135, and e3 = -0.
H3 = e1 * e2 * e3 = -0.

XXVIII. Table of Results: check that the estimated Diewert cost function and input amounts for a given level of output agree with the Generalized CES production function's minimized cost and inputs. Also, compare the Allen partial elasticities of substitution, s_LK, s_LM, and s_MK, with the Uzawa partial elasticities of substitution, u_LK, u_LM, and u_KM.

Generalized CES-Diewert Cost Function À4: Estimate the Diewert cost function directly Parameters: rho = 0.17647, rhoL = 0.17647, rhoK = 0.11823, rhoM = 0.26339
					nu = 1 — Generalized CES Cost Data —								nu1 = 1 — Diewert Cost Data —				Factor Shares			Uzawa Elasticities						∇²_wwc(w)
obs #	q	wL	wK	wM	L	K	M	s_LK	s_LM	s_KM	ε_LKM	cost	est cost	est L	est K	est M	sL	sK	sM	u_LK	u_LM	u_KL	u_KM	u_ML	u_MK	e₁	e₂	e₃
1	18	8.76	11.08	4.48	19.86	14.81	28.91	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.925	467.57	485.44	10.86	23.11	29.97	0.196	0.527	0.277	5.53	3.1	5.53	0.1	3.1	0.1	-0.418	-0.215	0
2	19	6.2	12.88	6.54	29.02	14.17	23.21	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.928	514.16	535.84	38.86	12.94	19.61	0.45	0.311	0.239	3.54	1.52	3.54	0.23	1.52	0.23	-0.574	-0.116	0
3	20	6	13.92	4.14	28.88	12.77	32.34	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.918	484.9	511.04	40.35	10.93	28.22	0.474	0.298	0.229	3.97	1.3	3.97	0.23	1.3	0.23	-0.607	-0.2	0
4	21	5.74	14.76	6.08	34.67	14.11	27.3	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.923	573.29	582.27	53.68	9.53	21.96	0.529	0.242	0.229	4.06	1.27	4.06	0.33	1.27	0.33	-0.645	-0.119	0
5	22	7.7	11.28	6.92	29.33	19.58	26.61	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.929	630.75	651.31	26.59	24.26	25	0.314	0.42	0.266	3.73	2.14	3.73	0.14	2.14	0.14	-0.448	-0.125	-0
6	23	5.48	13.98	4	35.13	14.42	37.12	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.915	542.54	558.23	52.51	10.35	31.43	0.516	0.259	0.225	4.22	1.2	4.22	0.28	1.2	0.28	-0.675	-0.203	0
7	24	8.34	12.24	7.02	31.75	21.25	30.18	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.927	736.7	756.9	28.03	26.34	28.6	0.309	0.426	0.265	3.81	2.14	3.81	0.14	2.14	0.14	-0.414	-0.124	0
8	25	5.1	13.84	4.04	39.99	15.63	39.25	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.914	578.81	583.97	62.29	9.78	32.42	0.544	0.232	0.224	4.46	1.15	4.46	0.33	1.15	0.33	-0.733	-0.195	0
9	26	8.14	11.22	5.44	32.23	22.83	36.73	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.923	718.35	731.59	23.56	30.5	36.32	0.262	0.468	0.27	4.33	2.42	4.33	0.12	2.42	0.12	-0.429	-0.168	0
10	27	5.22	13.66	4.54	43.85	17.79	39.72	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.916	652.3	653.62	66.43	11.6	32.67	0.531	0.243	0.227	4.24	1.21	4.24	0.31	1.21	0.31	-0.709	-0.169	0
11	28	6.08	13.08	7.86	46.79	22.7	30.83	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.926	823.69	821.39	63.96	18.2	24.75	0.473	0.29	0.237	3.47	1.52	3.47	0.27	1.52	0.27	-0.594	-0.093	0
12	29	6.76	12.64	7.36	44.65	24.49	33.81	0.9	0.79	0.83	0.924	860.18	868.34	53.3	23.3	29.01	0.415	0.339	0.246	3.43	1.67	3.43	0.21	1.67	0.21	-0.52	-0.106	-0
13	30	7	13	6	43.79	24.14	40.13	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.92	861.17	874.97	49.6	24.07	35.81	0.397	0.358	0.246	3.6	1.65	3.6	0.18	1.65	0.18	-0.5	-0.135	-0
14	31	7.34	14.84	7.5	48.52	24.93	38.42	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.921	1014.19	1018.36	60.8	22.02	32.71	0.438	0.321	0.241	3.53	1.55	3.53	0.22	1.55	0.22	-0.482	-0.102	-0
15	32	6.24	14.8	4.1	48.13	21.43	54.08	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.91	839.18	846.45	65.32	16.7	46.76	0.482	0.292	0.226	4.04	1.27	4.04	0.24	1.27	0.24	-0.589	-0.204	-0
16	33	5.18	12.74	5.22	55.23	23.97	43.82	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.916	820.31	807.26	79.5	16.42	35.69	0.51	0.259	0.231	3.93	1.31	3.93	0.3	1.31	0.3	-0.707	-0.142	-0
17	34	8.92	13.02	5.84	43.75	29.92	49.63	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.917	1069.59	1070.5	34.02	37.24	48.32	0.284	0.453	0.264	4.17	2.22	4.17	0.12	2.22	0.12	-0.392	-0.154	0
18	35	5.5	14.3	5.18	59.13	24.51	49.26	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.913	930.81	907.64	87.46	15.36	39.96	0.53	0.242	0.228	4.17	1.23	4.17	0.32	1.23	0.32	-0.673	-0.144	-0
19	36	7.76	14.28	6.54	53.05	29.78	48.62	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.917	1155	1155.32	58.41	29.26	43.47	0.392	0.362	0.246	3.62	1.66	3.62	0.18	1.66	0.18	-0.45	-0.125	-0
20	37	6.4	13.58	4.1	54.08	26.76	61.5	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.909	961.6	963.79	65.32	23.7	54.59	0.434	0.334	0.232	3.86	1.41	3.86	0.2	1.41	0.2	-0.565	-0.207	0
21	38	7.22	11.54	7.46	56.22	35.91	43.68	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.922	1146.08	1133.11	56.1	37.79	39.14	0.357	0.385	0.258	3.48	1.93	3.48	0.17	1.93	0.17	-0.48	-0.111	-0
22	39	8.22	11.38	6.28	51.63	37.33	51.24	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.919	1170.99	1151.33	38.84	45.72	49.64	0.277	0.452	0.271	4.09	2.35	4.09	0.12	2.35	0.12	-0.422	-0.143	0
23	40	8.24	14.96	4.42	53.9	30.65	70.56	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.908	1214.54	1214.92	53.01	32.57	65.82	0.36	0.401	0.239	3.97	1.67	3.97	0.15	1.67	0.15	-0.444	-0.201	-0
24	41	7.06	14.56	5.12	61.52	31.43	62.86	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.911	1213.79	1201.35	72.78	27.72	55.46	0.428	0.336	0.236	3.77	1.47	3.77	0.2	1.47	0.2	-0.505	-0.161	-0
25	42	6.26	11.96	6.92	67.45	37.08	49.05	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.919	1205.13	1177.41	79.63	32.71	41.59	0.423	0.332	0.244	3.43	1.64	3.43	0.21	1.64	0.21	-0.563	-0.112	0
26	43	5.22	14.48	4.28	73.56	29.1	67.37	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.907	1093.8	1041.21	110.55	15.94	54.51	0.554	0.222	0.224	4.57	1.14	4.57	0.35	1.14	0.35	-0.719	-0.182	0
27	44	8.62	11.9	4.26	53.7	39.01	75.03	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.91	1246.77	1210.22	32.7	51.07	75.25	0.233	0.502	0.265	4.92	2.58	4.92	0.1	2.58	0.1	-0.429	-0.22	-0
28	45	8.96	12.16	7.38	60.93	45.24	56.33	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.919	1511.68	1464.78	45.36	54.13	54.23	0.277	0.449	0.273	4.02	2.38	4.02	0.13	2.38	0.13	-0.386	-0.121	-0
29	46	8.48	14.98	7.56	69.23	40.88	59.59	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.915	1649.88	1611.58	72.43	39.74	53.19	0.381	0.369	0.25	3.57	1.74	3.57	0.18	1.74	0.18	-0.41	-0.108	0
30	47	7.3	13.92	4.18	66.31	36.48	81.27	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.906	1331.57	1309.33	68.86	35.64	74.28	0.384	0.379	0.237	3.89	1.58	3.89	0.16	1.58	0.16	-0.497	-0.21	0
31	48	7.98	13.92	5.14	67.44	40.22	75.22	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.909	1484.64	1452.69	64.48	41.66	69.7	0.354	0.399	0.247	3.85	1.75	3.85	0.15	1.75	0.15	-0.442	-0.169	-0
AVE:	33	7.01	13.25	5.67	55.34	26.14	42.26	0.89	0.79	0.83	0.917	951.74	946.85	55.34	26.14	42.26	0.403	0.352	0.245	3.98	1.72	3.98	0.2	1.72	0.2	-0.53	-0.154	-0

Mathematical Notes

1. The Diewert (Generalized Leontief) cost function

C(q;wL,wK,wM) = h(q) * c(wL,wK,wM) (**)

where the returns to scale function is: h(q) = q^^(1/nu), a continuous, increasing function of q (q >= 1), with h(0) = 0 and h(1) = 1,

and the unit cost function is: c(wL,wK,wM) = cLL * wL + cKK * wK + cMM * wM + (dLK+dKL) * (wL*wK)^^(1/2) + (dLM +dML) * (wL*wM)^^(1/2) + (dKM+dMK) * (wK*wM)^^(1/2),

linear in its parameters cLL, cKK, cMM, dLK, dKL, dLM, dML, dKM, and dMK.

2. The Factor Demand Functions:

∂C/∂wL = L(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/nu) * [cLL + dLK * (wK / wL)^^(1/2) + dLM * (wM / wL)^^(1/2)]

∂C/∂wK = K(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/nu) * [cKK + dKL * (wL / wK)^^(1/2) + dKM * (wM / wK)^^(1/2)]

∂C/∂wM = M(q; wL, wK, wM) = q^^(1/nu) * [cMM + dML * (wL / wM)^^(1/2) + dMK * (wK / wM)^^(1/2)]

3. The Factor Share Functions:

4. The Factor Demand Elasticities:

ε_L,wL = ∂ln(L(q;wL,wK,wM))/∂ln(wL) = -.5 * (q^^1/nu) / L(q;wL,wK,wM)) * (dLK * (wK/wL)^^1/2 + dLM * (wM/wL)^^1/2),

ε_L,wK = ∂ln(L(q;wL,wK,wM))/∂ln(wK) = .5 * (q^^1/nu) / L(q;wL,wK,wM)) * dLK * (wK/wL)^^1/2,

ε_L,wM = ∂ln(L(q;wL,wK,wM))/∂ln(wM) = .5 * (q^^1/nu) / L(q;wL,wK,wM)) * dLM * (wM/wL)^^1/2,

ε_L,q = ∂ln(L(q;wL,wK,wM))/∂ln(q) = 1/nu, etc.

5. Cost Function C(q;wL,wK,wM) Concave in Factor Prices:

∂²c/∂wL∂wL = -.25((dLK+dKL)*wK^^(1/2) + (dLM+dML)*wM^^(1/2))/wL^^(3/2),

∂²c/∂wL∂wK = .25 * (dLK+dKL)/(wL*wK)^^(1/2) = ∂²c/∂wK∂wL,

∂²c/∂wL∂wM = .25 * (dLM+dML)/(wL*wM)^^(1/2) = ∂²c/∂wM∂wL,

∂²c/∂wK∂wK = -.25((dKL+dLK)*wL^^(1/2) + (dKM+dMK)*wM^^(1/2))/wK^^(3/2),

∂²c/∂wK∂wM = .25 * (dKM+dMK)/(wL*wK)^^(1/2) = ∂²c/∂wM∂wK, and

∂²c/∂wM∂wM = -.25((dML+dLM)*wL^^(1/2) + (dMK+dKM)*wK^^(1/2))/wM^^(3/2).